Brits issued warning over '15h Century' HMRC scam (2025)

The essence of the scam has been around for centuries - but is still catching people out

Legal experts have shared details of a medieval con that is still scamming people today and how to avoid it. Fraud is the most common scam in the UK, with billions lost by victims each year.

But a common tactic used today was also used back in the 1400s, and experts believe there are lessons we can learn from old examples. Jessica Hampson, fraud expert and CEO of CEL Solicitors, said: “Impersonation scams are rife.

"A common example is a scammer calling pretending to be from a victim’s bank. Criminals also send communications claiming to be from HMRC or, in some cases, they might impersonate a family member in trouble and needing funds.

“Examples of impersonation tactics can be found as early as the 15th century. A Duke, Richard of Shrewsbury, was impersonated by Perkin Warbeck, who used the Duke’s identity to make a claim for the British throne. Similar to impersonation scams today, many believed Warbeck’s tricks and even joined his army to rebel against King Henry VII.”

The real Richard of Shrewsbury was imprisoned in the Tower of London but then disappeared along with his brother, which made it easier for someone like Warbeck to assume his identity.

“Warbeck’s actions were deceptive and he used a trusted position to exploit people. While this was more than 500 years ago, the core of the deception remains similar - a false identity is used to manipulate or coerce the victim,” Mrs Hampson added.

“Impersonators today are usually seeking to steal sensitive and personal data, financial gains or both - not many have their eyes on the British monarchy. Though a common scam does see scammers claiming to be royalty to create a sense of legitimacy and authority which might encourage someone to part with their money.”

Some scammers might also impersonate celebrities and other well-known figures in order to gain trust from victims.

How to avoid an impersonation scam

Mrs Hampson advises the key to spotting this scam is verifying identities as soon as possible. She said: “Always double-check the identity of someone claiming to be from a bank, HMRC or another organisation. Call them directly using an official number.

“If you get a text or email from a relative, friend or colleague that seems suspicious, calling them could verify if it’s really them.

“Don’t be fooled by their urgency. Scammers will often put pressure and time-restraints on their victims to make them rush into decisions without thinking it through. Always take your time and think twice before taking action.

“Be wary of sharing personal information. A bank would have your address and date of birth on file so if someone starts asking for details you’d expect them to know, this should be a red flag.”

If you have been scammed, report it immediately to your bank and Action Fraud, freeze accounts if necessary, and change passwords. You can seek legal advice if you've suffered significant financial loss.